去年屏東曾發生慘絕人寰的擄人凶殺案,疑似起因於男方追求已婚人妻不成,製造假車禍痛下殺機,二十九歲年輕女生的人生才開始綻放就此突然殞落,天人同悲,也對加害人的凶殘感到憤怒,社會更有呼聲希望司法能高舉正義之旗,處以極刑。
在社會期待下,立法院終於三讀通過跟蹤騷擾防制法,盼能即時保護婦女安全,有效防制性別暴力。內容包括參採世界各先進國家立法模式,將該類行為視為犯罪,警察獲報後,可即時展開刑案偵查,發動拘捕、搜索、移送、建請聲押等刑事強制處分,以預防再犯防止危害;並兼採法院核發保護令狀制度,周延被害人保護,藉由完善立法,補足性別暴力防制的最後一塊拼圖。相關重點如下:
一、明定跟蹤騷擾,是對特定被害人反覆或持續為違反其意願,且與性或性別有關之八大類行為,如監視、跟蹤、盯哨、守候、威脅、辱罵、歧視、用電子通訊設備干擾、要求約會等,使心生畏怖,足以影響日常生活或社會活動。
二、為保護被害人安全,警察公權力將即時介入處理,以書面告誡犯罪嫌疑人;如經告誡後再犯者,法院得核發保護令;法院認為行為人有反覆實行之疑慮者,得預防性羈押。
三、跟蹤騷擾行為就是犯罪(告訴乃論),得處三年以下有期徒刑或併科新臺幣三十萬元以下罰金,如有攜帶凶器,加重處五年以下有期徒刑或併科新臺幣五十萬元以下罰金;違反保護令者,得處三年以下有期徒刑或併科新臺幣三十萬元以下罰金。
如何讓追求不成反釀殺機的類似案件,盡可能遏制不再有下一個被害人,透過法制面強化,是凶殺案在社會引起的強烈回響,有相關經驗的民眾,也訴求在於如何防患於未然,那位受害者家屬更希望「跟蹤騷擾防治法」還給那位年輕女孩一個公道。
然而法律最主要爭議,在於如何讓跟蹤定義更清楚,以符合法律明確性原則,否則,若是因愛戀追求衍生的跟蹤騷擾外,鄰里檢舉、債務糾紛、媒體跟拍和網路酸民,若都要落入跟蹤騷擾的範疇,恐怕非警察執行勤務所能負擔,也會衍生警察「查水表」的惡名,這也需要更多社會的討論。
國外經驗來看,日本在1999年桶川殺人案隔年通過了「糾纏騷擾行為規制法」,針對類似行為除口頭警告外,可以核發禁止命令,違反法令則有兩年以下的刑責與兩百萬日圓以下的罰金。
屬於行政禁令先行模式,若違反該行政禁令,即屬犯罪行為,須由法院論罪科刑。日本通過糾纏騷擾行為規制法後,通報與發布命令的案件數因社會逐漸理解與運用上升,對於司法警政業務有所負擔。然則,以日本法務省的統計資料,國民認知改善與禁制令的效應,近三年來,此類案件已有減少的趨勢。
歐盟在2013年通過《預防與對抗婦女與家庭暴力公約》後,基於成員國必須採取必要的立法或其他措施,以確保對他人之蓄意的、重複的威脅行為,且引發他或她擔憂的安全之行為犯罪,也陸續在刑法中制定有關跟蹤糾纏罪。
具體小結,國際上跟騷法相關法令訂定有三大要素,第一是預防性干預重於事後懲罰,第二是治安單位能即時介入嚇阻,第三則要有完整防制令內容。以各國法例而言,除了少數樣態,大多以禁止接觸被害人為主體,鮮少用治療來處理跟蹤騷擾問題。
據統計,臺灣相關報案每年達7,600多件,45.9%個案遭反覆持續騷擾時間達一年,24.9%個案時間長達三年,被糾纏者80%是女性。立委王婉諭表示,許多重大社會案件的加害者,其實早在動手之前就有尾隨、跟蹤或騷擾的情況,被害人也多曾到警察局尋求協助,卻礙於現有法規無法有處置。
曾唱紅偶像劇犀利人妻主題曲的女歌手林凡,曾遇到瘋狂女粉絲聖誕夜闖入她家要送聖誕禮物,沒想到看到林凡被男性友人送回家,氣到上前踹踢男子下體還咬了他左手,林凡在阻止過程中,手也被拉傷。這才揭開,這名狂粉已經騷擾長達六年,這次被依侵入住宅跟傷害罪嫌,判處六個月徒刑,可易科罰金。
原來林凡跟蔡姓粉絲已經認識七年,曾當一個月朋友,但粉絲想要有進一步關係,林凡拒絕後粉絲不斷騷擾,不只跟蹤入室多達五次,長期騷擾多達六年,林凡經紀人牟鐘恩說:「對林凡有好感,在林凡所有演出的場合,她都會出現。」這次事件讓林凡右手遭到拉傷,朋友也打到鼻梁挫傷,還被咬傷左手,林凡忍無可忍堅持提告。
韓國女團T-ara出身歌手昭妍,傳出長期遭受跟蹤狂威脅,甚至收到死亡恐嚇,韓國警方受理報案,展開調查工作。她在IG限時動態貼出一段聖經文字:「對人不可以惡報惡,對眾人要勉勵行善。」讓粉絲對善良的昭妍相當心疼。
國立中正大學犯罪防治系主任陳慈幸指出,日本纏擾(Stalker)防治法在2000年設立,2017年修正該法案,已從愛戀情感擴充到「在住家附近徘徊」、「無視拒絕仍對被害人的網誌社群網站等傳送訊息」等較嚴格規定,國外也多以愛戀情感為主要定義,陳教授認為,臺灣可比照日本騒擾犯罪防治法立法。
日本經驗告訴我們,恐怖的暴力行為,將近有八成在前期都有跟蹤、騷擾情形,跟騷可說是暴力前兆。人民免除遭跟騷壓力和恐懼,不只政府有責任足夠的示警,社會大眾也要有同理心,尤其男性更需要「換位思考」,尤其若能從小教導兩性正常交往,強化法律教育,也是一種方向。
目前比較有爭議的是,推動跟騷法,各界都知道要讓構成要件明確化,也得讓範圍跟類型在一定程度內,避免各類樣態都納入,導致警力難以負擔,以及是否影響後續禁制令的申請,皆是目前困難點,司法院也高度關注。
其次,家庭暴力防治法中有跟蹤、騷擾相關規定,但適用對象僅限家庭成員,或前任或現任親密伴侶實施家庭暴力行為時,始得聲請禁止跟蹤之保護令;對於一般關係之人,僅社會秩序維護法中有對於跟追行為的秩序罰,只可對實際的跟追舉動,科處行政罰,無法涵蓋現代科技社會的各種跟蹤騷擾態樣。
未來跟騷法將課予檢察官、警察相關責任,給被害人能有聲請保護令的權利,警察可以發告誡書,檢察官可以聲請預防性羈押。行政院長蘇貞昌強調,在這幾個面向,相信對於困擾社會已久,對當事人影響重大,「尤其是婦女同胞的保護會更為周到」。
用法律實現公平正義屬當然,但政府非萬能,倘若在未來,用法律實踐違反人權也符合正義?臺灣已是民主國家,若法律擴大授權警察卻另類變成日本時代的「大人」,趨向警察國家恐怕也會衍生其他更嚴肅的人權問題,但希望不再有下一個受害者,防患於未然或可說當前民意呼聲。




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